Israel is set to occupy parts of southern Lebanon after a deadline for its full military withdrawal lapses on Sunday, the Israeli government implied in a statement on Friday, amid Israeli concerns that Hezbollah remains active there and doubts about the Lebanese Army’s ability to stymie the militia’s resurgence.

Under the terms of a truce between Israel and Hezbollah in late November, Israeli troops were supposed to withdraw within 60 days from areas of Lebanon that they had recently wrested from the group’s control. Hezbollah was also required to withdraw from the region, allowing the Lebanese military to assert its control over an area where Hezbollah, an Iran-backed Shiite force and political movement, had long dominated.

Less than two days before the deadline, the office of Benjamin Netanyahu, the Israeli prime minister, announced that Israel’s withdrawal was dependent on the Lebanese Army asserting its full control over the area, adding that the timeline was flexible and implying that Israeli troops would remain in Lebanon beyond the cutoff.

“Since the cease-fire agreement has not yet been fully enforced by Lebanon, the gradual withdrawal process will continue under full cooperation with the United States,” the statement from the Israeli prime minister’s office said.

Asked for clarification, the prime minister’s office declined to say if this meant that Israeli troops would definitely remain in Lebanon after the deadline. But Israeli leaders have told American and French mediators that they want to keep some soldiers in southern Lebanon beyond Sunday, according to three officials briefed on the negotiations.

There was no immediate response from the Lebanese government. In a brief message, Hezbollah’s media office said it was awaiting reaction from the countries overseeing the cease-fire, the United States and France. In a longer statement released on Thursday, Hezbollah said that any “breach” of the deal would not be tolerated, because it would be “a blatant violation of the agreement, an attack on Lebanese sovereignty and the beginning of a new chapter of occupation.”

Hezbollah officials did not respond to accusations that Hezbollah had failed to live up to its commitments and that the Lebanese military had not yet taken control of the territory in question. Its media relations office said the group was “committed” to the terms of the cease-fire deal but would not go into further detail.

Hezbollah has called on the Lebanese government and international monitors not to allow “any pretexts or excuses for prolonging the occupation,” but did not say what action it would take if Israeli troops remained.

After two months mostly without conflict, despite occasional violations, the specter of renewed fighting looms again, even if Hezbollah, battered and exhausted, no longer poses the same threat to Israel as it did at the start of the war nearly 16 months ago.

If Israeli troops do remain beyond the weekend without Lebanon’s blessing, Hezbollah will have to choose between accepting the status quo and losing face — or resuming battle and risking a large Israeli counterattack that would further damage both its decimated ranks and Lebanese civilian infrastructure. Should fighting restart, Israel’s defense minister, Israel Katz, has warned that Israeli strikes would no longer differentiate between Hezbollah and the Lebanese state.

“It’s a serious dilemma for Hezbollah,” said Nicholas Blanford, a Beirut-based analyst for the Atlantic Council, an American research group. “They are damned if they resist and damned if they don’t. Hezbollah’s supporters will not thank the party for resuming war when they are trying to return to their homes and begin rebuilding.”

Since November, Israel has transferred more than 100 military installations and villages to the Lebanese authorities, but still occupies roughly 70 percent of the areas that it captured after invading Lebanon last fall, according to Andrea Tenenti, a spokesman for UNIFIL, the United Nations peacekeeping force in southern Lebanon.

Israeli officials say that the Lebanese Army has yet to signal its willingness to fill the void in those areas, all which are south of the Litani River. Mr. Tenenti said that the Lebanese military stood ready to do so but could not enter places that the Israeli military had yet to vacate.

Asked for comment, the Lebanese military referred to a public statement in which it said that it “maintains readiness to complete its deployment in the area south of the Litani River immediately after the Israeli enemy withdraws from it.”

In recent days, Israeli troops did not appear to be preparing for a complete evacuation, according to an official and an Israeli military officer who also spoke on the condition of anonymity to speak more freely.

The deadline poses an early quandary for President Trump, who strongly backs Israel but campaigned on a promise of peace for Lebanon.

It is also a test for Lebanon’s new leaders. President Joseph Aoun and Prime Minister-designate Nawaf Salam, both selected this month, need a peaceful environment to rebuild Lebanon after years of war, political chaos and economic catastrophe.

The new Lebanese leadership “has yet to demonstrate adequately that it can be a confident leader in managing Hezbollah — a weakness that, of course, Israel is going to continue to exploit as justification for staying past the deadline,” said Sanam Vakil, the director of the Middle East program at Chatham House, a London-based foreign affairs research group.

The current conflict began after Hezbollah’s ally Hamas attacked Israel on Oct. 7, 2023, killing about 1,200 people and taking some 250 hostages. The next day, Hezbollah began firing rockets at Israeli military positions in solidarity with Hamas, and Israel fired back, leading to daily exchanges that displaced hundreds of thousands of Israeli and Lebanese civilians and damaged towns on either side of the border.

The fighting escalated last summer, after a rocket from Lebanon killed a group of children and teenagers in an Israeli-controlled town. Israel assassinated most of Hezbollah’s top leadership, sharply increased its bombardment of Hezbollah strongholds and then launched a ground invasion into southern Lebanon.

The Israeli offensive destroyed whole neighborhoods, displaced more than a million people and killed several thousand, including many civilians.

The war also led to direct confrontations between Israel and Iran, Hezbollah’s main backer.

Bruised and distracted, Hezbollah and Iran were both powerless to prevent the collapse of a third member of their alliance, the Syrian government. President Bashar al-Assad of Syria was toppled by rebels in December, making it almost impossible for Iran to send arms to Hezbollah through Syrian territory. Within Lebanon, Hezbollah’s strength was diminished, leading to the rise of Mr. Aoun and Mr. Salam, who both promised to restore the cohesion and authority of the Lebanese state.

Israeli leaders privately say that a stronger Lebanese government is in Israel’s interests, because it could further curb the influence of Hezbollah, which opposes Israel’s existence. Hezbollah was founded in the 1980s, partly in response to a previous Israeli occupation of southern Lebanon, which lasted until 2000. The militia’s weaponry gave it outsize influence over Lebanese affairs, with some comparing it to a state within a state. Now, the group is at its weakest ebb in decades.

But Israel is prepared to stay within Lebanon, denting the new Lebanese leadership’s authority, with its officials arguing that Hezbollah still retains the resources and the ambition to pose a threat to Israeli villages along the border.

The Lebanese Army has deployed to major towns and villages in southern Lebanon in recent weeks, mostly in places close to the Mediterranean Sea, in the southwest of the country. It has also deployed specialized units to remove rubble, dispose of unexploded ordinance and reconstruct roads that were destroyed. Army officials say they have operated in coordination with the international committee supervising the cease-fire.

But Lebanese soldiers have yet to take charge of the borderlands further to the east, with the exception of the area around Khiam, a town in southeast Lebanon that was the site of fierce fighting during the war.

An Israeli military officer, speaking on the condition of anonymity to speak more freely, said the Israeli Army had made no attempt to dismantle roughly half a dozen military bases built in recent months along a narrow strip, less than a mile wide, north of the Israel-Lebanon border.

The expectation among soldiers at the front, the officer said, was that they would remain in place for the foreseeable future to prevent Hezbollah’s return there.

Dayana Iwaza contributed reporting from Beirut, Lebanon; Johnatan Reiss from Tel Aviv; and Christina Goldbaum from Damascus, Syria.

The last time Faida Pierre, 10, went to school, her mother found her stranded on the roof of the school’s building, barefoot and crying, while a gang stormed the surrounding downtown Port-au-Prince neighborhood.

The principal and teachers had called parents to pick up their children as the sound of gunfire grew louder and armed men approached. Then everyone ran for their lives. Faida ended up alone.

“There was a panic,” Faida recalled, “and people were running out of the building. People were saying that the bandits had attacked the neighborhood, so kids were trying to reach the rooftop.”

That was a year ago, and, like some 300,000 other children across Haiti, Faida, who was in third grade, stopped going to school.

Robbed of their education and their prospects for the future, legions of Haitian children are the overlooked victims of the gang violence that has crippled the country: homeless, hungry and often targeted for recruitment by the armed groups they fled.

Many schools remain shuttered because they are in gang-occupied areas. Others have become de facto shelters, as more than one million people — roughly 10 percent of the country’s population — have abandoned their homes during gang takeovers of their communities.

After a surge of violence crippled Port-au-Prince, the capital, last February, nearly 15,000 households descended on government and school buildings for protection, according to UNICEF, the United Nations’ children’s advocacy organization, which has also tracked the number of children not attending school.

Even families whose schools remained open said they had not been able to enroll their children because they lacked money for school fees, uniforms and supplies. Most children in Haiti attend private schools, but public schools also charge modest fees that many families whose homes and businesses were burned to the ground can no longer afford.

At the same time, tens of thousands of children have abandoned Port-au-Prince for safer places elsewhere in Haiti, overwhelming schools in several communities.

Schools have also had to cope with a plunge in the numbers of teachers and staff, many of whom either were killed or left the country. Haiti’s schools have lost about one-fourth of their teachers, according to government officials.

Besides educational losses, being out of school makes them vulnerable to joining the very armed groups wreaking havoc on their lives. Experts estimate that up to half of gang members are minors.

In the province that includes Port-au-Prince, 77,000 ninth graders showed up for the statewide final exam at the end of the 2023-24 school year, a drop of 10,000 from the previous year, the Education Ministry said. As a result, officials estimate that some 130,000 students in the capital region withdrew from the school system’s 13 grades last academic year.

Officials said they had been unable to make a full assessment of how many students dropped out this year.

Faida may not go to school, but she lives in one. Faida’s father was killed in a gang attack, her mother said, so she and Faida joined the nearly 5,000 people living at the Lycée Marie Jeanne school in Port-au-Prince.

When a New York Times reporter and photographer visited the school in the fall, Faida and her mother, Faroline Parice, were sleeping outdoors in a courtyard awash in mosquitoes and rainwater.

“At night, sometimes she wakes up, and she’s crying,” Ms. Parice said. “She asks when she will go back to school.”

Wudley Beauge, 17, and his 15-year-old sister, Sadora Damus, were also there and have missed more than a year of school.

Sadora dreams of becoming a police chief, but would need to pass the ninth-grade exams to enter the police academy, and she left school after eighth grade. Wudley, who missed 10th grade, wants to be an auto mechanic.

They sleep on a classroom floor with about a dozen other people.

“My first priority would be to go back to school because when I’m sharing my goals with people who are older than I am, they say, ‘If you want to be a mechanic, you must go back to school,’” Wudley said. “My family doesn’t have money to send me to mechanic school.”

His mother, Soirilia Elpenord, 38, wants her children in school, but with her cosmetics shop and home set ablaze by gang members, the mother of four said finding shelter ranked higher than learning.

“School? That’s not a priority,” she said. “My priority is to survive. The main priority for all parents in Haiti right now is how to survive.”

UNICEF has worked with the Haitian government to provide cash assistance to needy families, but prioritizes those whose children are enrolled in school, and many parents said they did not qualify for aid.

Bruno Maes, who recently left as head of UNICEF in Haiti, acknowledged that there was not enough funding to help all families, but said that more children would drop out of school without assistance.

The education situation was complicated by the more than 100,000 students, primarily from the capital, who moved to the south, where life is relatively calm.

But schools had no seats for them. Many students fled with only the clothing on their backs and showed up without birth certificates, school transcripts or any other documentation proving what grade they were in.

“You have a lack of documents, you have the impact of the violence obliging them to flee, and then you have no seat in schools, and then you have no money and cannot pay,” Mr. Maes said. “The scope of the issues affecting the majority of children is huge.”

The stakes are high: UNICEF said the number of children recruited by gangs last year increased by 70 percent. It is common to see 7-year-olds working as gang lookouts, experts say.

Janine Morna, who researches children in armed conflict for Amnesty International, said young gang members in Haiti whom she had interviewed for an upcoming report told her they had joined either under threat or out of financial desperation. The gangs often provide either a small monthly payment or allow younger members to keep the change after running errands, she said.

None of the minors she interviewed were in school.

“We know schools can prevent recruitment by keeping children active and engaged,” Ms. Morna said. “Children we spoke to were left idle — sometimes they were confined to their homes or displacement sites without the opportunity for enrichment and play.”

“The prospect of joining a gang,” she added, “becomes more attractive the longer you are out of school.”

Haitian officials said they were committed to improving the education system as a key step in stabilizing the country. The goal is to make schools more affordable by ensuring that early grades are free and providing families with stipends and books.

The government also rented buildings to accommodate students whose schools had become de facto shelters.

“Haiti has invested a lot in education,” said the country’s education minister, Augustin Antoine.

Some schools in the West Department, which includes Port-au-Prince, reopened in the fall, but with fewer students, said Etienne Louisseul France, the Education Ministry official who oversees schools in that region.

Haiti has been in turmoil since 2021, when its last elected president was assassinated. Last year, gangs banded together in coordinated attacks on police stations, hospitals and entire neighborhoods. With its police department depleted — many officers took advantage of U.S. humanitarian parole visas — the government has struggled to contain the violence.

The Port-au-Prince airport has been closed since November after gang members shot at U.S. commercial aircraft. An international force, financed by the Biden administration and made up mostly of Kenyan police officers, has done little to loosen the gangs’ grip on the capital.

The U.N. said at least 5,600 people were killed in 2024, up nearly 25 percent from the year before.

“Now the situation is that many schools had to shut down, even private schools,” Mr. France said, adding that officials have to “think of a Plan B.”

Ms. Elpenord’s backup plan is to eventually send her son to live with family away from their neighborhood so he can attend school. Her daughter tried going back to school a few weeks ago, but gang skirmishes kept her out.

“I feel this is destroying me,” said her son, Wudley, who is still hoping to start 10th grade. “And it makes me sad.”

André Paultre contributed reporting from Port-au-Prince, Haiti.

When Aleksandr G. Lukashenko last ran for president of Belarus, the former Soviet republic he has led since 1994, he faced an unusual phenomenon: rival candidates who actually tried to win. His eventual victory in that election, in 2020, widely regarded as fraudulent, was met with nationwide protests, a subsequent brutal crackdown supported by Russia and then Western penalties.

This time, in a presidential election set for Sunday, Mr. Lukashenko’s all-but-certain victory — his seventh in a row — is likely to be smoother. He has allowed four other, state-approved candidates to run, but they compete only in showering praise on him. Candidates who could pose a threat to his rule have all been jailed or forced into exile. He controls the media and all levers of power in his country.

“There is no genuine choice — all we have is this farcical facade of the candidates who all come from pro-government parties,” said Katia Glod, a nonresident fellow at the Center for European Policy Analysis in Washington who is originally from Belarus.

“It is like in Russia now: There are no candidates who can represent an alternative view,” she said.

Mr. Lukashenko is so confident of winning another term that he has eschewed campaigning, saying he was too busy with tasks like testing a new Belarusian-made ax. State media on Thursday showed him chopping wood.

Two decades after the United States declared Belarus “the last remaining true dictatorship in the heart of Europe,” Mr. Lukashenko is determined to put the 2020 election behind him and prove to his country — and to Russia — that his grip is firm.

His continued rule will do little to shift the dynamics of a region disrupted by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. Belarus was a staging ground for Moscow’s attack, and Mr. Lukashenko remains an ardent ally of President Vladimir V. Putin of Russia.

But Mr. Lukashenko has also shown signs of reaching out to the West by issuing a wave of presidential pardons for people jailed during the 2020 protests, apparently in a bid to reduce the sanctions that have punished his country for years.

None of the leaders of the opposition in 2020 have been freed, however, and Mr. Lukashenko has locked up large numbers of opposition sympathizers before Sunday’s election.

So it is unclear where Mr. Lukashenko’s attempt to maneuver between East and West, a game he has played ruthlessly in the past, will leave Belarus.

Mr. Lukashenko remains an important ally of Russia; he said recently that Belarus had Russian nuclear weapons on its soil and would host what Moscow has called its new hypersonic ballistic missile if it is deployed. But he also does not want to be drawn further into the war in Ukraine and has pushed back against requests from Russia to send troops.

A relaxation of Western penalties would lift the economy. Belarus has been battered by the sanctions, particularly those against potash, a fertilizer ingredient that is one of the pillars of the economy.

But so far, there has been no indication from Washington or Brussels that the strategy of releasing some prisoners is working. Some analysts say he will be closely watching for the West’s response to the elections.

“If the regime sees that the West is taking a more or less neutral stance on the election, maybe it will decide to release some high-profile prisoners to bring tensions with the West one notch down,” Ms. Glod said. “If not, maybe they will stop altogether.”

None of Mr. Lukashenko’s opponents in the election have even pretended that the outcome is a question.

Wrapping up a TV debate with three other candidates (Mr. Lukashenko did not participate), the Communist Party candidate Sergei Syrankov said Monday that he wanted to be “honest,” and that the only point of the vote was to see who came in second. “Everyone in this studio knows that Aleksandr Lukashenko is going to win,” he said.

The electoral landscape this year is vastly different from the political awakening that took place in 2020, when hundreds of thousands of people turned out to support candidates speaking out against Mr. Lukashenko.

A former boss of a collective farm in Soviet times, Mr. Lukashenko won his first presidential election, a relatively fair contest, in 1994 as an anti-establishment candidate promising to root out corruption and give a voice to ordinary people.

Six elections since have been widely dismissed as shams that concealed rising discontent. Before the 2020 election, even supporters began to wonder whether it might be time for a change when Mr. Lukashenko responded to the Covid-19 pandemic by telling people to protect their health by riding tractors, drinking vodka and taking saunas.

He jailed the two main presidential hopefuls in 2020 — Viktor Babariko and Sergei Tikhanovsky. Mr. Tikhanovsky’s wife, Svetlana Tikhanovskaya, a political novice, emerged as an accidental leader of the opposition.

Ms. Tikhanovskaya galvanized opponents to Mr. Lukashenko with a highly popular campaign. But the president’s party machine orchestrated widely documented fraud on election night, which led to months of protests.

Mr. Lukashenko eventually cracked down, throwing thousands of opposition supporters into jail. All independent media outlets were shut down, their editors and reporters jailed or pushed into exile. Opposition figures who did not flee were imprisoned.

Five years later, those opposition leaders in exile are telling Belarusians to ignore the election or to vote for “none of the above.”

“We’re calling on Belarusians to show their opposition to the regime in any form: refuse to cooperate with the regime, ignore the elections — and voting for ‘none of the above’ is also a way of protest,” Ms. Tikhanovskaya, who is based in Lithuania, said in emailed comments.

“This is a farce, not an election,” she said. “There is no room and there can’t be any room for transparency, fair procedures or opposition candidates there.”

As in previous elections, Mr. Lukashenko has presented himself as the only safeguard against chaos and strife. He said recently that he “does not cling to power” and that he would “do my best to hand over power to a new generation.”

But he did not indicate he would step down any time soon, and has sent the message that he is ready to crack down again if needed.

Belarusian TV recently broadcast slickly produced footage of riot police in full gear tackling crowds making trouble outside a mock polling station.

Mr. Lukashenko has also banned remote voting, disenfranchising hundreds of thousands of Belarusians abroad.

Kiryl Kalbasnikau, 33, a theater technician who fled the country in 2021, said by phone from London that he “would love to go and vote for ‘none of the above’” if he could.

Like many Belarusian exiles, Mr. Kalbasnikau, who until recently belonged to the banned Free Belarus Theater, once thought the regime was on its last legs. Now, he said, he may be looking at 10 more years of rule by Mr. Lukashenko — and of his own exile.

“It would be a miracle to see my mom and two brothers — I miss them so much,” said Mr. Kalbasnikau, who has not seen them for nearly four years.

Many Belarusians say that the pardons Mr. Lukashenko has been issuing are at least one bright spot.

But Ms. Tikhanovskaya, whose husband has been in jail in Belarus for over four years, has no trust in Mr. Lukashenko’s good will.

“Repressions are likely to go on after Jan. 26: Lukashenko knows he cannot stay in power unless he keeps people in fear,” she said, dismissing the pardons as “manipulation, not a policy change.”

Andrew Higgins contributed reporting.